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HelpTest Code OSMOF Osmolality, Feces
Ordering Guidance
This test is only clinically valid if performed on watery specimens. In the event a formed fecal specimen is submitted, the test will not be performed.
Specimen Required
Patient Preparation: No barium, laxatives, or enemas may be used for 96 hours prior to start of, or during, collection.
Supplies: Stool containers - 24, 48, 72 Hour Kit (T291)
Container/Tube: Stool container
Specimen Volume: 10 g
Collection Instructions: Collect a very liquid stool specimen.
Useful For
Measurement of osmolality for the workup of cases of chronic diarrhea
Diagnosis of factitious diarrhea (where patient adds fluid to stool to simulate diarrhea)
Method Name
Freezing Point Depression
Reporting Name
Osmolality, FSpecimen Type
FecalSpecimen Minimum Volume
5 g
Specimen Stability Information
| Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fecal | Frozen (preferred) | 14 days | |
| Refrigerated | 7 days | ||
| Ambient | 48 hours |
Reject Due To
All specimens will be evaluated at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for test suitability.Clinical Information
The concentration of electrolytes in fecal water and their rate of excretion are dependent upon 3 factors:
-Normal daily dietary intake of electrolytes
-Passive transport from serum and other vascular spaces to equilibrate fecal osmotic pressure with vascular osmotic pressure
-Electrolyte transport into fecal water due to exogenous substances and rare toxins (eg, cholera toxin)
Fecal osmolality is normally in equilibrium with vascular osmolality, and sodium is the major effector of this equilibrium. Fecal osmolality is normally 2 x (sodium + potassium) unless there are exogenous factors inducing a change in composition, such as the presence of other osmotic agents (magnesium sulfate, saccharides) or drugs inducing secretions, such as phenolphthalein or bisacodyl.
Differentiating osmotic from non-osmotic causes of diarrhea is the goal of liquid stool testing.(1,2) The primary way this is accomplished is through the measurement of sodium and chloride and calculation of the osmotic gap, which uses an assumed normal osmolality of 290 mOsm/kg rather than direct measurement of the osmolality.
Measurement of osmolality can be useful in the evaluation of chronic diarrhea to help identify whether a specimen has been diluted with hypotonic fluid to simulate diarrhea.(1,3)
Reference Values
An interpretive report will be provided
Interpretation
Stool osmolality below 220 mOsm/kg indicates dilution with a hypotonic fluid.(1)
Cautions
Prolonged storage at incorrect temperatures may cause osmolality to increase due to bacterial metabolism generating osmotically active products.
Method Description
The depression of the freezing point of serum or other fluid is used to measure osmolality in most osmometers. The extent of lowering below 0° C (the freezing point of water) is a function of the concentration of substances dissolved in the serum. By definition, 1 milliosmole per kilogram lowers the freezing point 0.001858° C.(Schnidler EI, Brown SM, Scott MG: Electrolytes and Blood Gases. In: Rifai N, Horvath AR, Wittwer CT, eds: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2018:610-612)
Performing Laboratory
Mayo Clinic Laboratories in Rochester
Test Classification
This test has been modified from the manufacturer's instructions. Its performance characteristics were determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. This test has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.CPT Code Information
84999
LOINC Code Information
| Test ID | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| OSMOF | Osmolality, F | 2693-0 |
| Result ID | Test Result Name | Result LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| OSMOF | Osmolality, F | 2693-0 |
Day(s) Performed
Monday, Thursday